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Spatial Statistics and Geostatistics
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Spatial Statistics and Geostatistics
Theory and Applications for Geographic Information Science and Technology

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February 2013 | 200 pages | SAGE Publications Ltd

Spatial Statistics and Geostatistics is the definitive text on spatial statistics. Its focus is on spatial statistics as a distinct form of statistical analysis and it includes computer components for ArcGIS, R, SAS, and WinBUGS. The teaching and learning objective of the text is to illustrate the use of basic spatial statistics and geostatistics, as well as the spatial filtering techniques used in all the relevant programs and software.

The text is a systematic overview of the canonical spatial statistical and geostatistical methods. It explains and demonstrates methods and techniques in spatial sampling; spatial autocorrelation; spatial composition (heterogeneity, homogeneity) and configuration (contiguity), spatially adjusted regression and related spatial econometrics; local statistics: hot and cold spots; geostatistics and related techniques in measuring spatial variance and co-variance; and methods for spatial interpolation in two-dimensions. A concluding section discusses advanced topics in spatial statistics: these include Bayesian methods, the Monte Carlo simulation, and error and uncertainty.

Fully explanatory, Spatial Statistics and Geostatistics uses boxed computer code, diagrams, illustrations; and includes further readings. Case study and exemplary materials and data sets are also included.


 
About the Authors
 
Preface
 
Introduction
 
Spatial Statistics and Geostatistics
 
R Basics
 
Spatial Autocorrelation
 
Indices Measuring Spatial Dependency
Important Properties of MC

 
Relationships Between MC And GR, and MC and Join Count Statistics

 
 
Graphic Portrayals: The Moran Scatterplot and the Semi-variogram Plot
 
Impacts of Spatial Autocorrelation
 
Testing for Spatial Autocorrelation in Regression Residuals
 
R Code for Concept Implementations
 
Spatial Sampling
 
Selected Spatial Sampling Designs
 
Puerto Rico DEM Data
 
Properties of the Selected Sampling Designs: Simulation Experiment Results
Sampling Simulation Experiments On A Unit Square Landscape

 
Sampling Simulation Experiments On A Hexagonal Landscape Structure

 
 
Resampling Techniques: Reusing Sampled Data
The Bootstrap

 
The Jackknife

 
 
Spatial Autocorrelation and Effective Sample Size
 
R Code for Concept Implementations
 
Spatial Composition and Configuration
 
Spatial Heterogeneity: Mean and Variance
ANOVA

 
Testing for Heterogeneity Over a Plane: Regional Supra-Partitionings

 
Establishing a Relationship to the Superpopulation

 
A Null Hypothesis Rejection Case With Heterogeneity

 
Testing for Heterogeneity Over a Plane: Directional Supra-Partitionings

 
Covariates Across a Geographic Landscape

 
 
Spatial Weights Matrices
Weights Matrices for Geographic Distributions

 
Weights Matrices for Geographic Flows

 
 
Spatial Heterogeneity: Spatial Autocorrelation
Regional Differences

 
Directional Differences: Anisotropy

 
 
R Code for Concept Implementations
 
Spatially Adjusted Regression And Related Spatial Econometrics
 
Linear Regression
 
Nonlinear Regression
Binomial/Logistic Regression

 
Poisson/Negative Binomial Regression

 
Geographic Distributions

 
Geographic Flows: A Journey-To-Work Example

 
 
R Code for Concept Implementations
 
Local Statistics: Hot And Cold Spots
 
Multiple Testing with Positively Correlated Data
 
Local Indices of Spatial Association
 
Getis-Ord Statistics
 
Spatially Varying Coefficients
 
R Code For Concept Implementations
 
Analyzing Spatial Variance And Covariance With Geostatistics And Related Techniques
 
Semi-variogram Models
 
Co-kriging
DEM Elevation as a Covariate

 
Landsat 7 ETM+ Data as a Covariate

 
 
Spatial Linear Operators
Multivariate Geographic Data

 
 
Eigenvector Spatial Filtering: Correlation Coefficient Decomposition
 
R Code for Concept Implementations
 
Methods For Spatial Interpolation In Two Dimensions
 
Kriging: An Algebraic Basis
 
The EM Algorithm
 
Spatial Autoregression: A Spatial EM Algorithm
 
Eigenvector Spatial Filtering: Another Spatial EM Algorithm
 
R Code for Concept Implementations
 
More Advanced Topics In Spatial Statistics
 
Bayesian Methods for Spatial Data
Markov Chain Monte Carlo Techniques

 
Selected Puerto Rico Examples

 
 
Designing Monte Carlo Simulation Experiments
A Monte Carlo Experiment Investigating Eigenvector Selection when Constructing a Spatial Filter

 
A Monte Carlo Experiment Investigating Eigenvector Selection from a Restricted Candidate Set of Vectors

 
 
Spatial Error: A Contributor to Uncertainty
 
R Code for Concept Implementations
 
References
 
Index

This book is ideal for anyone who wishes to gain a practical understanding of spatial statistics and geostatistics. Difficult concepts are well explained and supported by excellent examples in R code, allowing readers to see how each of the methods is implemented in practice.
Professor Tao Cheng
University College London


This text is a remarkable roadmap to the methods of spatial statistics and in particular, the technique of spatial filtering. The included case studies and computer code make the book extraordinarily interactive and will benefit both students and applied researchers across many disciplines.
W. Ryan Davis
PhD Candidate in Economics, University of Texas at Dallas


This is a valuable and enjoyable addition to applied spatial statistics, particularly because the reader, or rather user, of the book can see exactly what the authors are doing, and so may reproduce all the analyses using the code provided.
Professor Roger S. Bivand
Norges Handelshøyskole Norwegian School of Economics


SAGE has a long tradition of publishing accessible texts explaining key concepts in statistics. This book is in my opinion very useful. I particularly like the choice of statistical problems, the focus on one region to explain a series of problems and the availability of R code, which makes it easy for the reader to reproduce the analysis.

Sietse O Los
Swansea University, UK

The book is extremely well done, very clear and very helpful, but pretty much advanced. As we are currently developing R skills among students, we are likely to adopt the book in the near future, but for the moment it is too advanced.

Dr Luana Russo
Department of Political Science, Maastricht University
drupal

Too technical for this level

Dr Richard Harris
School of Geographical Sciences, Bristol University
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I quite liked this book and learned some useful things from it. However, it's also rather quirky (eclectic) and not always very clearly written. To me it lacked a clear sense of cohesion or logic to the chapters. Most annoyingly, as far as I can tell the data used in the book are not available anywhere - where to get it isn't mentioned - which renders the R code a bit pointless.

Dr Richard Harris
School of Geographical Sciences, Bristol University
drupal

The text is a supplementary reading for social sciences students, since it develops the statistical foundations behind most of the techniques employed in social sciences.

Dr Rodrigo Rodrigues-Silveira
Lateinamerika-Institut, Free University of Berlin
drupal

The book spatial statistics and geostatistics is an essential resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as early researcher, because the authors provide a comprehensive overview of spatial statistics and geostatistics. The book provides an excellent overview, supported by excellent examples. A really useful textbook.

Dr Thomas Thaler
Institute of Mountain Risk Engineering, University of Life Sciences and Natural Resources, Vienna
drupal

The following review regards the book “Statistics for the health sciences a non-mathematical introduction” by Christine P. Dancey, John G. Reidy and Richard Rowe.
There are many textbooks about statistics. The first question we should answer is whether all these books are necessary or not. To my point of view the answer is YES and I will explain why.
Statistic, as many others disciplines, can be approached in several ways and for different “population”. There are texts for beginners, who are commonly afraid of statistic, for students who have average knowledge of the discipline and for advanced ones. In addition some books are focus on particular statistical techniques which are used for ad hoc analysis and are not discussed in essential books. Crossing all the above conditions it would produce a multi dimensions table, with several boxes, each of these “designed” for specific subjects with particular areas of interest, levels of knowledge, approach to the problems, use of tools.
The aim of all the textbooks remain common: to explain the concepts, to support the decision of the readers and to facilitate the interpretation of the results. In other words, making a different example, it is like driving a car: a driver does not need to know how the motor works to drive the car from a place to another. He needs to have a clear idea of the rules of the street, to avoid accident, to know the road to reach the destination, to use the acceleration and the braking pedal etc. Once the driver knows how to drive and the general rules, he does not need to learn it again when he changes the car.
For beginners, especially for those who approach statistic for the first time, or for those who are not very confident with math, it is mainly important to explain the idea of the analysis, clarifying the meaning of an approach instead of another, and only secondly, if it is necessary, to explain the formula which “sustain” the idea. The most important thing is to maintain a clear idea of what to do and how to do. In addition it is useful to provide examples after the notions/concepts are explained.
Statistics for the health sciences a non-mathematical introduction is a book which beginners and intermediate students could find valuable for several reasons:
1) The text maintains what it says in the title “Statistics for the health sciences a non-mathematical introduction”. Beginners will not be afraid of math, in fact, formula are avoided. Readers will be focus on the ideas and on what to do in conducting a correct analysis.
2) The book introduces statistical terms and concepts using common words; moreover it explains how to conduct the analysis, step by step, with the support of pictures taken during the use of SPSS. This statistical software is getting very used not only by professional statistician but also by students who want to conduct some analysis. The program is easy to use because of the possibility to have menu and windows in the selection of the data analysis. The examples presented in the book guide the reader in experiencing, by hand, what it is said in the text, in an efficient way. The reader gets skilled in conducting analysis and becomes more confident with statistic.
3) The book provides also a short introduction of two statistical packages: R and SAS. R is a free statistical software which is getting quite common, especially in those people who are confident with statistic. The attempt of presenting it to beginners could stimulate the interest in those who would like to make a further step in statistic. SAS is a very famous and long traditional statistical software which is normally used by skilled statistician.
4) In the book it is refereed also to external references for specific aspects which are not included in the book but may be useful for those readers who want to experiment other statistical tools.
5) All the chapters have a nice but short overview that makes the readers more confident of what it is expected to find in the following pages. This helps the reader to be more confident in what to focus in reading the chapter.
6) There are many examples taken from the literature. This aspect will prove the readers how useful is statistic in the real world. In addition, the reader will have the possibility to identify, in the examples, similarities with its studies/analysis and to repeat them following the example of the book.
7) In the book there are exercises which can help the student to revise the materials. The online resources, for lecturers and students, expand the concepts treated in the text and provide other useful material for a better understanding.
8) The glossary provides an easy access to definition that sometime can be obscure or cause uncertainly. Readers could benefit from it when they need to revise the definition of a concept, for example when they read a paper and statistical terms are presented.
There are some suggestions which could be useful for improving the book in future revisions:
1) The authors did not mention other statistical programs which are quite common such as Stata and Epinfo. The first one has a large community of users, there are many online resources and textbooks which describe analysis and approach how to use the program. Epiinfo, the latest version is the 7th, can handle basic statistical techniques but has the advantage to be free and it is easy to use. It could be useful to introduce both these programs in the chapter where there Authors presented R and SAS.
2) The authors could introduce how to conduct the analysis using other software, but with the same examples. This would increase the possibility to find readers who could be interested in the book, but have experience with other statistical package.
3) The authors could introduce some summary tables or diagrams for the choice of a technique instead of another. They could draw guided diagrams in which the directions are based on the answers expected by the readers.
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Dr. Gabriele Messina
Research Professor of Public Health
University of Siena

Professor Gabriele Messina
Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena
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Statistical software R is increasing its popularity in scientific community. Nowadays more and more researchers, geographers and GIS analysts are using R for spatial statistics. Therefore, it is important to provide geography and GIS students an opportunity to study also R applications as well. This textbook provides basic tools for applying R for spatial statistics. In addition, this book has brief examples and short strings of codes to apply. This book suites well to advanced level geography and GIS students which are interested in quantitative approach. Together, this book is handy also for PhD candidates utilizing spatial statistics in their work.

Dr Petteri Muukkonen
Department of Geography, University of Helsinki
December 8, 2015

An introduction to R software is very short and I guess students have to know the basics of R before. On the other hand it is great that R code and all the necessary datasets are available online. Still it is too advanced for our students, mainly because they are not used to work in R yet.

Mr David Fiedor
Geography , Palacky University in Olomouc
September 28, 2015