Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I: History and Sentencing
Chapter 1: The Corrections System
A Legacy of Crisis and Turmoil
A Critical View of the System
A Keen Eye Toward the Future
Chapter 2: A Historical Perspective on Punishment and Social Structure
Discerning Historical Constructs
Social Change in the Later Middle Ages
The Discovery of Imprisonment
Galley Slavery, Transportation, and the Emergence of Imprisonment
The Industrial Revolution and Corrections
Zebulon Brockway and the Rise of the Adult Reformatory
Corrections and the Progressive Era (1880–1920)
After the Progressive Era (1920–1960)
The Era of Civil Rights and Community Corrections (1960–1970)
The Prisons Explode (1970–1980)
The Demise of Rehabilitation and the Get-Tough Era (1970–Present)
The Return of Enlightened Corrections Policy
Chapter 3: The Purpose of Punishment and Sentencing Trends
Contemporary Movements in Sentencing Laws and Policies
Part II: Correctional Practice
Chapter 4: Jails
Alternatives to Incarceration
Chapter 5: Probation and Alternatives to Incarceration
A Brief History of Probation
Two Key Perspectives on Probation
The Role of Probation Officers
Sentencing and Investigation
Violation, Revocation, and Termination
Does Probation Work? Probation Research
Alternatives to Incarceration
Evaluating Alternatives to Incarceration
Chapter 6: Prisons
Military Prisons and the War on Terror
Chapter 7: Coming Home: Reentry and Parole
Parole as a Form of Community Corrections
The Early History of Parole
The Challenges of Reentry
Perspectives on the Current Purpose and Practice of Parole
Evidence-Based Practice and Parole
Chapter 8: Juvenile Corrections
The Past 30 Years: More Cycles of Scandal and Reform
The Structure of the Juvenile Justice System
Characteristics of Juveniles in Custody
Overrepresentation of Youth of Color
Young Women and Juvenile Corrections
Recidivism Rates and Juvenile Corrections
Juvenile Corrections Fads
Chapter 9: The Corrections Workforce
Service Providers and Treatment in Custody
Characteristics of the Corrections Workforce
The Correctional Hierarchy
Progressive Developments in Leadership
Part III: Critical Issues and Policy Questions
Chapter 10: Holding Corrections Accountable
Litigating in the Courts to Stop Abusive Practices
Chapter 11: Corrections and the Color Line
Measuring the Extent of the Problem
Race and Ethnicity Behind the Walls
African American Disproportion in the Criminal Justice System
Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders and the Corrections System
Native Americans and the Corrections System
Latinos and the Corrections System
Immigration and Incarceration
Understanding the Causes of Racial Disparity in Corrections
Chapter 12: Women in the Corrections System
The Rising Tide of Incarcerated Women—What the Numbers Say
Young Women and the System
Women’s Pathways Into Crime
A Complex Mix of Risk Factors
Coping With Incarceration
Operational Issues in Custody
Conditions of Confinement
Research on Women and the Justice System
Moving Forward With Research on Women
Prospects for Gender-Responsive Programming
Chapter 13: Challenging and Vulnerable Populations
Prisons and Jails as Community Health Providers
A Wide Range of Medical Problems
Mental Illness in Prisons and Jails
The Increasing Elderly Prison Population
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning Inmates
Chapter 14: Death Row and the Death Penalty
The Controversial Moral Imperative
The State of Capital Punishment
Characteristics of Death Row Inmates
Legal Challenges to the Death Penalty
Juveniles and the Death Penalty
The Death Sentence and Mental Competence
Innocence and Those Awaiting Executions
Costs of Capital Punishment
The Problem of Lethal Injection
Part IV: The Effectiveness and Future of American Corrections
Chapter 15: The Privatization of Corrections
History and Functioning of Private Prisons
Major Private Prison Companies
How Private Prisons Function
Other Forms of Corrections Privatization
Private Prison Performance
Impact of Privatization on Local Economies
Privatization, Innovation, and Reform
The Profit Motive and Conflict of Interest
Contracting, Oversight, and Monitoring
Are Private Prisons Necessary?
Chapter 16: The Politics and Future of Mass Incarceration
Mass Incarceration and Electoral Politics
What the Public Actually Thinks About Corrections Policy
Confronting the Politics of Mass Incarceration
Is Money the Currency of Reform?
Recruiting New Allies to Corrections Reform
Glossary
References
Index
About the Authors